스벤 헤딘(Sven Hedin)
1865년 2월19일~1952년 11월 26일
19세기 말에서 20세기 초에 걸쳐 중앙아시아를 탐험한 지리학자. 독일 베를린대학과 웁살라대학에서 지리학을 공부하고, 1893년 이후 1930년까지 4차례에 걸쳐 중앙아시아를 탐사했다. 이 과정에서 중앙아시아 타림분지 동부에서 고대 왕국 누란(樓蘭) 유적을 발굴해 지리학자계와 고고역사학계를 놀라게 했다. 나아가 당시 서양에게는 미지인 타클라마칸과 티베트를 탐사하고 지도를 제작했다.
과학 논문과 여행기, 전기, 선언문, 소설 등에 이르는 단행본 65권을 냈다. 그의 친척이자 법률 자문인 에리크 벤네르홀름(Eric Wennerholm)은 헤딘을 평하기를 “헤딘에 의한 모든 것은 거대하다. 그가 탐사한 높은 산, 광대한 사막, 긴 탐험의 여정, 수많은 저작 그가 그린 수많은 지도, 수많은 훈장 그리고 정치문제에 있어서 판단력의 부족도 그러하다”고 했다.
세계를 탐사하면서 수많은 유명 인사를 만나기도 한 그는 1908년에는 이토 히로부미 초청으로 일본과 서울을 방문하기도 했다. 그때 대한제국 마지막 황제 순종을 만나기도 했다. 이 만남에서 이토 히로부미는 조선은 곧 일본의 지배를 받을 것이고, 순종은 정치범으로 구금될 것이라고 얘기했다고 전해지기도 한다. 이토가 헤딘을 초청한 것은 일본의 조선 지배를 공고히 하려는 정치적 술책에서 비롯됐다는 말도 있으나 그다지 신뢰할 만한 수준은 아니다. 탐험가 초청과 조선 지배가 무에 관계가 있단 말인가? 헤딘은 그의 책에서 고종과 순종을 구분하지 못했다 하며, 순종에 대한 서술이 오류투성이라 한다.
Sven Anders Hedin (February 19, 1865 - November 26, 1952) was a Swedish explorer, geographer and geopolitician. His achievements include the production of the first detailed maps of vast parts of Pamir, the Taklamakan Desert, Tibet, the ancient Silk Road, and the Himalayas. He seems to have been the first explorer to realise that the Himalayas are a single mountain range.
Life
Hedin was born in Stockholm. Between 1886 and 1892 he studied geology, mineralogy, zoology, and Latin in Stockholm, Uppsala, Berlin, and Halle. He was a student of Ferdinand von Richthofen. Of small stature, with a bookish, bespectacled appearance, Hedin nevertheless proved himself a determined explorer, surviving several brushes with death from hostile forces and the elements over his long career.
Between his graduation in 1892 and 1935 he led several expeditions to Central Asia. In 1902 he was the last Swede ever to be ennobled with a hereditary title. He was never married, and had no children, so the noble branch of his family is now extinct. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1913.
Although primarily an explorer, Hedin was also the first to unearth the ruins of ancient Buddhist cities in Chinese Central Asia. In 1899 he discovered the ancient Chinese garrison town of Loulan (Lou-lan) in the Takla-Makan. Many manuscripts unearthed by him at Loulan proved to be of great historical importance.
In his later expeditions he became the first to map large parts of the Tibetan highlands, and conducted mapping and meteorological research in Eastern Turkestan and Mongolia. Hedin was one of the first European scientific explorers to use native-born scientists and research assistants on his expeditions, treating them on an equal footing with his European colleagues according to their position and experience. Always full of curiosity, Hedin continued his Asian expeditions late into his retirement years, braving numerous wars and conflicts in China and Central Asia along the way. However, like Nikolai Przhevalsky before him, Hedin never reached his ultimate goal: the then forbidden city of Lhasa.
Political views
Being a Germanophile since his days of study in Berlin, Hedin was (together with Queen Victoria of Sweden) a strong advocate for a Swedish alliance with Germany during World War I, and he wrote several books about his experiences from journeys along the front lines. This attitude caused him to lose several influential friends in England and the USA, notably Lord Kitchener.
Hedin was a personal friend of Gustav V of Sweden (and his spouse Victoria of Baden) and paid them regular visits. It was he who drafted (together with Carl Bennedich) the so-called borggårdstalet ("the speech at the royal castle") which was read after the peasant armament support march arrived in the royal castle. In this speech the king denounced Karl Staaff's defence policy, which led to the latter's resignation.
Influenced by Imperial Russian and later, the Soviet Union's attempts to dominate and control territories outside its borders, especially in Central Asia and Turkestan, Hedin felt that Soviet Russia posed a great threat to the West, and this may be part of the reason why he supported Germany during both World Wars. Hedin received support from the German airline Lufthansa on at least one of his Central Asian mapping expeditions, and the original publication of his book "Germany and World Peace" was funded by the German government. However, the text included the following lines:
In my blood, every sixteenth drop is of Jewish origin. I cherish this sixteenth drop and I do not want to lose it. (Wallström 1983:265)
The book was banned in Nazi Germany. Although it has never been proved that Hedin supported the Nazis and National Socialism, it is known that he was in contact with Hitler and other prominent Nazi-politicians, and was well aware of the Nazi concentration camps (Danielsson 2005).
Expeditions
1885-1886 First journey to Russia, the Caucasus, Persia, Iraq, and Turkey.
1890-1891 Second journey to Persia and Central Asia
1893-1897 Central Asia. Whilst crossing the forbidding Taklamakan Desert only Hedin and two members of his four men crew survived.
1899-1902 Central Asia. Mapping of Tibet. He also unsuccessfully tried to reach Lhasa.
1905-1909 Third expedition to Central Asia, particularly the Himalayas, where he spent significant time in Tibet, where he probably was the first to discover the Trans-Himalaya mountain system. After traveling through western Tibet, Hedin's party finally reached Simla on the Indian frontier.
1914 Toured German military positions in Belgium, France, Germany and Luxembourg.
1926-1935 The so-called Sino-Swedish Expedition (partly sponsored by the German and Swedish governments and the airline Lufthansa) to the Gobi Desert, Turkestan, and Mongolia. This in reality was a series of expeditions. In 1934, when Hedin was nearly seventy years of age, he was held captive, robbed, and nearly executed by soldiers of the Muslim Dungan (or Hui) general Ma Chung-ying, then after relief by White Russian and Soviet troops, was again held captive by them for another four months at the instruction of the Chinese military governor of Sinkiang province. Hedin also met Chiang Kai-shek, whom he found to be an impressing personality.
Selected Works by Hedin
1887 A Journey Through Persia and Mesopotamia
1891 Konung Oscars beskickning till Schahen af Persien, år 1890 (in Swedish)
1898 Through Asia
1903 In Asia
1904-1907 Co-author of Scientific Results of a Journey in Central Asia 1899-1902
1909 Transhimalaya
1914 With the German armies in the West (English translation published in England in 1915).
1925 My Life as an Explorer
1932 Across the Gobi Desert
1934 A Conquest of Tibet
1936 Big Horse's Flight
1938 The Silk Road
1940 The Wandering Lake
1949 Ohne Auftrag in Berlin (En: 'Without orders in Berlin'), Buenos Aires
Bibliography
Wallström, T. 1983. Svenska upptäckare. Bra böcker, Höganäs.
Brennecke, Detlef. Sven Hedin. rororo Bildmonographie, Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1986 (ISBN 3-499-50355-7).
Danielsson, S.K. 2005: The Intellectual Unmasked: Sven Hedin's Political Life from Pan-Germanism to National Socialism, dissertation, Minnesota 2005.
経歴
스톡홀름에서 建築業을 하는 中流 家庭에서 태어났다. 小学校 同級生으로는 経済学者인 구스타프 캇세루라든가 数学者인 イヴァル・フレドホルム 등이 있다. 1902年 貴族에 서임되고 1909年 영국에서 Night 称号를 받았다.
アドルフ・エリク・ノルデンショルド의 成功에 感銘받고 生涯토록 師事했다. 베를린大学에서 실크로드 提唱者로 알려진 リヒトホーフェン의 指導를 받고 中央아시아探検을 決意하고, 페르시아, 메소포타미아로 旅行(1885年－86年)했다. 스웨덴왕 オスカル2世가 페르시아에 派遣한 使節団 一員으로 メルヴ, ブハラ, サマルカンド, カシュガル 등을 旅行(1890年－91年)했다. 러시아의 オレンブルク에서 ウラル山脈을 넘어 파미르, 타클라마칸砂漠 南辺, ツァイダム, 青海에서 오르도스를 横断하여 張家口를 거쳐 北京에 到着(1893年－97年)했다.
타림盆地 및 中部 티베트湖沼 地方의 北部를 探検(1899年－1902年)하고, 그 사이에 ロプノール 付近에서 古代都市 楼蘭의 遺跡을 発見(1901年)했다. 많은 文書와 遺物을 取得하고 카라코름 山脈을 넘어 レー・카시미르로 나와 다시 카라코름峠을 넘어 카슈가르에 이르러, フェルガナのアンディジャン에 到着하고 러시아를 経由해 帰国했다.
1905年, ペルシアからインドに入り, レーから西北チベットに侵入, 中央チベット湖沼地帯を探検してインダス河, サトレジ河, ブラーマプトラ河の水源地方を調査. シガツェに至ってパンチェン・ラマの歓迎を受けた. サトレジ河の河源およびヒマラヤ山脈の北にあってこれと平行し, カラコルム山脈に連なるトランス・ヒマラヤ山系の発見は, この調査旅行で最も意義ある業績である. これらの成功は, パトロンであるロシア皇帝ニコライ2世との個人的な友情なしには成功はなしえなかった. また, ノーベル家の援助も受け, その関わりは生涯に渡った.
1908年に帰国. 1927年に西北科学考査団(The Sino-Swedish Expedition)を組織し, スウェーデン・ドイツ・中国の学者の協力による大規模な探検を行い, 東は東蒙古の熱河地帯から西は新彊省を越えてペルシアにおよび, 南はチベット北部から北は天山に至る地域について地理, 考古, 生物, 民族, 人類学など広範囲な部門について研究を行った. 新彊省の政治上の悪化と第二次世界大戦の勃発によってその予定は完全には実現されなかった.
1935年に帰国するが, 途上立ち寄ったドイツでアドルフ・ヒトラーの歓迎を受け, その後数回にわたってナチス幹部と接触を持つ(ISBN 4122017416). 彼は16分の1ユダヤ人(ヘディンを貶める巧妙な告発であったが, 彼自身はこれを誇りであると一蹴した)だったが, 新聞紙上で台頭期のナチを礼賛したこともあった. これらの事が原因で第二次世界大戦後には批判され, 彼の存在は考古学界からは抹殺された. 彼はナチではなかったが, チベットに興味を持ち, 彼の偉業を正当に評価してくれるヒトラーのプロパガンダに利用されたのであった. フィンランドのマンネルヘイム将軍とも友人で, フィンランドとナチスとの同盟を画策したことも, 大戦後の彼の功績に傷をなすものであった. しかし現在では, ヘディンの功績は, 無視できないほど大きく, 再評価の段階に入っている. ナチスに対し無知であった事も原因であったが, 彼のドイツ人との半世紀近くに渡る友好関係がそれを招いたと言える. また日本とも友好的な立場であったが, 日中戦争の勃発以後は, 大日本帝国への反感を強めていった. この様に彼は, 強国に対する弱国の立場を擁護しようとしたのである. ただソ連の様な共産主義に対抗するためにナチスと接触するなどの半政治家的活動が, 探検家, 学者としてのヘディンの功績に仇をなしたのである.
1952年, ヘディンはストックホルムで没した.
探検旅行の帰途, 1908年には来日し歓迎された. また, 日本人として初めてチベット入した河口慧海とも書簡を交している. 中央アジアの探検家たちとも知己の関係を築いた.
主著
Hedin, Sven: Die geographisch-wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse meiner Reisen in Zentralasien 1894–97 (Ergänzungsband 28 zu Petermanns Mitteilungen), Gotha 1900.
Scientific result of a journey in Central Asis：6巻(1899-1902年)・地図2巻(1904－07年)
Southern Tibet,discoveres in former times compared with my own researches of 1906-1908,：9巻・地図2巻(1917－22年)
『中央アジア探検史』History of the expedition in Asia 1927-1935：4巻(1943－45年)
斯文 赫定(瑞典語：Sven Hedin, 1865年2月19日－1952年11月26日), 瑞典探險家ㆍ作家, 出生於斯德哥爾摩, 樓蘭遺跡的發現者.
赫定出身於中產家庭. 19歲時, 他曾經離鄉往巴庫擔任家庭教師. 1886年秋天, 他考進了烏普薩拉大學. 1890年4月, 擔當瑞典外交團的翻譯, 並前往中東. 後來, 他曾經多次前往高加索ㆍ波斯ㆍ兩河流域和南俄等地探索.
探險歷程
1885年－1886年 途徑俄羅斯ㆍ高加索ㆍ波斯ㆍ伊拉克ㆍ土耳其
1890年－1891年 途徑波斯ㆍ中亞
1893年－1897年 途徑中亞ㆍ西藏ㆍ北京, 當穿越塔克拉瑪干沙漠時候, 只有赫定和另外四位中的兩位隊員生存下來.
1899年－1902年 中亞地區, 但未能前往拉薩
1905年－1909年 途徑中亞ㆍ喜馬拉雅山區
1926年－1935年 所謂的“中瑞探險”(部分經費來自德國政府及德國航空), 探險隊主要探索戈壁沙漠和蒙古等地. 當時, 赫定曾與蔣介石會面.